Capture operator `&` ampersand - can always I thing about it as `fn x`?

Questions / Help
1

Capture operator & ampersand - can always I thing about it as fn x?

Hi Everybody,

Could you please help me understand how does capture operator & (ampersand) work under the hood (Elixir or Erlang)?

I went through the whole https://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/introduction.html and one thing I struggled with was the capture operator. Especially when I looked at things like fun = &*/2 which looked like a dark magic till I realized that * is a function in Kernel module.

Later I realized that I can rewrite any use of & from for example &something/1 to &something(&1) and then to fn x -> something(x) end.

fn x -> makes more sense to me so it’s nice to mentally translate & to fn x -> . BUT, can I always do that?

I’d like to kindly ask, are &something/1, &something(&1) and fn x -> something(x) end the same thing under the hood of Elixir/Erlang? May I always look at cryptic &something/1 and say that this is just abbreviation of fn x -> something(x) end?

Thank you.

P.S. my understanding that following Enum.filter are the same thing under the hood.

defmodule SomeMath do
  def small_number?(number) do
    number >= 0 and number < 10
  end
end

IO.puts("let's play")

my_list = [-10, -5, 0, 3, 8, 20, 30]

my_list
|> Enum.filter(fn x -> SomeMath.small_number?(x) end)
|> IO.inspect()
# [0, 3, 8]

my_list
|> Enum.filter(&SomeMath.small_number?(&1))
|> IO.inspect()
# [0, 3, 8]

my_list
|> Enum.filter(&SomeMath.small_number?/1)
|> IO.inspect()
# [0, 3, 8]
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2

&foo/1 is slightly more efficient at the VM level than &foo(&1), as the latter has an additional function call indirection.

The compiler is free to translate one to the other depending on local vs. remote calls, to make it in average more efficient.

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3

And &Module.foo/1 is even more performant, as it can be changed to compile time constant in compiler. That is the reason why it is encouraged way to register telemetry handlers.

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4

As far as I know, elixir will transform &something(&1) to fn x -> something(x) and then to &something/1, because, the body is just another call to a named function…

If any other things are happening in the function like: &(something(&1) + &2) It’ll be transformed to fn x,y -> something(x) + y end

So to answer your questions:

it’s nice to mentally translate & to fn x -> . BUT, can I always do that?

Here you can’t map & to fn x -> mostly because, it depends on arity of the function. If you’re writing a fn like &(&1 + &2 + &3) you can make a mind map of fn x, y, z -> .. end. If you already aware of that then it’s fine.

I’d like to kindly ask, are &something/1 , &something(&1) and fn x -> something(x) end the same thing under the hood of Elixir/Erlang?

Yes, same because all of them can be used interchangebly,

But to be clear:
If the fn expects more arguments like &(something(&1, &2), it is same as &something/2. Notice that the parameters has to be in order, if not, &(something(&2, &1) is not same as &something/2 but transformed into fn x,y -> something(y,x) end

May I always look at cryptic &something/1 and say that this is just abbreviation of fn x -> something(x) end ?

You can say that.

Let’s say we are passing an anonymous function as a perameter Enum.reduce([1,2,3,4,5], &(&1 + &2)), reduce will likely to call fn.(x,y) which is mapped to &:erlang.+/2 which happened after an attempt to tranform into fn x, y -> x + y end and elixir saw an oppertunity for optimization.

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5

Thank you very much NobbZ and hauleth. And thank you jawakarD for very detailed answer.

To summarize it:

Mental translations

  • &something/1 / &something(&1) / fn x -> something(x)

  • &something/2 / &something(&1, &2) / fn x, y -> something(x, y)

  • &something(&2, &1) / fn x, y -> something(y, x)

  • &(&1 + &2 * &3 + 199) / fn x, y, z -> x + y * z + 199 end

  • it’s OK to mentally translate

  • under the hood one thing might translate to other and something might be faster than other but from a user (developer) perspective result is the same

Under the hood

order of translation

  • &(...&1...&2...) -> fn x, y -> ... -if possible-> &something/2

performance

  • &something/2 is faster than &(...&1...&2...) / fn x, y -> ... (in case &(...&1...&2...) / fn x, y -> ... cannot be translated to &something/2)

  • That means I should design my CoolApp.something functions so they can be used in things like Enum.reduce as &CoolApp.something/2 and not as &CoolApp.something(&2, &1) / fn x, y -> ...y...x...

best practice

  • I should always ask myself a question if it is possible to use &something/arity not just because &something/arity looks cool but also because it’s faster and I don’t have to thing whether Elixir/Erlang will eventually translate something else to this faster form.
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