Loading of atoms which have been defined in a module's types

In my opinion the better alternative to String.to_existing_atom/1 is to be explicit about which values you’ll cast. For example, if you’re creating an Event struct from a string-keyed map (like parsed JSON), it could look something like this:

def new(map) do
  %__MODULE__{
    ... # other fields
    status: cast_status(map["status"])
  }
end

defp cast_status("active"), do: :active
defp cast_status("idle"), do: :idle
defp cast_status(nil), do: nil

This particular example would raise if you got an unacceptable value back from the JSON. If you need to validate the input, something like Ecto changesets would do the trick too. Or if it fit your needs you could just make everything else nil.

Types and Specs are not available at runtime, and therefore have no effects like creating atoms.

You need to actually use those atoms in your code.

The sole purpose of String.to_existing_atom/1 would be to raise if the atom is not existing. If you are sure that the source of string in the question is trustful, there is not much sense in using it in general, if the atom already exists, it would be used, atoms are never re-created.

So, AFAICT, this is an XY problem and the simplest although cleanest solution would be to resort to String.to_atom/1 unless you expect values to come from the outside; in that case, it’d be better to handle wrong values in a bit more sophisticated manner.

Thank you everyone for the suggestions! I will be more explicit on the parsing side about how to cast the values, rather than using String.to_existing_atom/1. Thanks again.