A more idiomatic Elixir version might look like this:

# Requires nimble_csv dependency to be configured
NimbleCSV.define(CSV, separator: "|", escape: "\"")

defmodule CityB do
  def process do
    "./us_cities_states_counties.csv"
    |> File.stream!
    |> CSV.parse_stream()
    |> Stream.map(fn [city, state_short, state_full, _, _] ->
      [city, state_short, state_full]
    end)
    |> Enum.uniq()
  end
end

Which when benchmarked (using Benchee) against your original version is quite a bit faster and more memory efficient:

Name                       ips        average  deviation         median         99th %
Revised                  19.57       0.0511 s     ±5.87%       0.0504 s       0.0663 s
ElixirForum post        0.0464        21.54 s     ±0.00%        21.54 s        21.54 s

Comparison:
Revised                  19.57
ElixirForum post        0.0464 - 421.51x slower +21.49 s

Memory usage statistics:

Name                Memory usage
Revised                0.0753 GB
ElixirForum post        28.33 GB - 376.23x memory usage +28.26 GB

This is the main performance issue in the code above. It does a loop inside a recursion making comparisons, so every element of the list ends up compared to every other element of the list. That means O(N^2) for an input list of length N, and bad performance for large datasets.

If that explanation is too hand-wavy, imagine running this uniq on a list with four elements [:a, :b, :c, :d]:

• call to uniq([:a, :b, :c, :d])
  • head bound to :a
  • call to uniq([:b, :c, :d])
    • head bound to :b
    • call to uniq([:c, :d])
      • head bound to :c
      • call to uniq([:d])
        • head bound to :d
        • call to uniq([])
          • returns []
        • compare each element of [] to head (:d) and skip ones that match
        • returns [:d | []] aka [:d]
      • compare each element of [:d] to head (:c) and skip ones that match
      • returns [:c | [:d]], aka [:c, :d]
    • compare each element of [:c, :d] to head (:b) and skip ones that match
    • returns [:b | [:c, :d]], aka [:b, :c, :d]
  • compare each element of [:b, :c, :d] to head (:a) and skip ones that match
  • returns [:a | [:b, :c, :d]] aka [:a, :b, :c, :d]

Here’s another implementation that might be slightly faster because it doesn’t construct intermediate results for values that have already been seen. It uses a simple list seen to track which elements have already appeared in the result.

defmodule SomewhatFasterUniq do
  def uniq(input, seen \\ [])
  def uniq([], _), do: []
  def uniq([head | tail], seen) do
    if head in seen do
      uniq(tail, seen)
    else
      [head | uniq(tail, [head | seen])]
    end
  end
end

HOWEVER

It’s labeled “slightly” faster because it still has the same core inefficiency - head in seen does its work by comparing head to each element of seen one at a time, so the more unique elements there are in the input the slower it goes.

What this kind of problem needs is a fast way to answer “has this value been seen before?”

The solution chosen by Enum.uniq (and other parts of stdlib like MapSet) is a Map. Looking up a key in a map is much faster (O(log N) for large maps) so this code will work much better than SomewhatFasterUniq:

defmodule MuchFasterUniq do
  def uniq(input, seen \\ %{})
  def uniq([], _), do: []
  def uniq([head | tail], seen) do
    if Map.has_key?(seen, head) do
      uniq(tail, seen)
    else
      [head | uniq(tail, Map.put(seen, head, true))]
    end
  end
end

Compare the implementation in Enum for lists:

https://github.com/elixir-lang/elixir/blob/44d3faad45a32d9648792b54e46e8ac27283ffb8/lib/elixir/lib/enum.ex#L4776-L4783

Elixir doesn’t try to do everything and external dependencies are encouraged to build out more capabilities. A lot of thought has been put into the hex library manager by the developers to obviate many of the challenges in other ecosystems. Therefore in general you shouldn’t be concerned about using external dependencies - it’s very normal with Elixir and totally expected.